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In contrast to the views current only a few years ago, when federalism as a system of government was regarded, in academic circles in North America at least, as passe and even reactionary, there is today throughout the world, and especially in Western Europe, a tremendous interest in the federal idea. It is seen as a dynamic, even revolutionary idea, and it has been seized on as the best institutional device available for assisting and promoting the integration of the Western European countries-one which offers, moreover, the best opportunities for preserving liberal, pluralistic ideals in an era of strong centralized governments. The interest in federalism and in supranational integration makes essential a definitive study of the working practice of federal law and government in those societies where federalism has been long in operation. In these stimulating and thoughtful essays Professor McWhinney brings a fresh and up-to-date view to bear on the nature of federalism, the problems of such a system of government in the complications of modern times, and the role of the reviewing courts within that system. He has focused his discussion on those countries where the federal form does mirror genuine social divisions and conflicts-in particular the United States and Canada as classical models of the federal idea, and the Federal Republic of Germany as an area where the federal idea is being worked out freshly, with a special new court, and against a different social background. In thus treating of federalism on a comparative basis, Professor McWhinney has been concerned with the frequent shifts and accommodations of governmental policy and actions, with the actual processes of resolving conflicts and competitions of interests, and with the systematic, settled practices of self-restraint and mutual give-and-take, all of which are necessary for the functioning, and for the life itself, of a federal state. In this emphasis on basic social and political problems, which are reflected in the decision of the highest courts, rather than on a narrow and abstract interpretation of the distribution of powers between different jurisdictions, Professor McWhinney has brought into new relationship matters of perennial occurrence and importance within any federal system. His study will be of interest and value not only to students of federalism but to all those concerned with public affairs.

Federal government.

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Every federal country faces a difficult problem in deciding how its national capital should be governed because of the complex conflicts of interest. This volume fills a serious gap in the literature on comparative federalism. It draws together essays by experts on each of the seventeen countries with federal constitutions.

Capitals (Cities) --- Federal government.

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Marchés publics --- Federal government --- Rapports

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The aim of this study is to disentangle the theme of federalism from that of responsible government, and to suggest that the two questions of responsible government and assimilation may be considered as two parallel themes which merge only occasionally. The author believes that the primary objective of the Canadian union of 1841 was the assimilation of French Canada, and when it became evident that that was an unrealistic objective, the inherent dualism in the United Province of Canada led to the emergence of a federal concept. This important new interpretation of the background of the French Canadian question provides a fresh approach to the present situation in Quebec. (Canadian Studies in History and Government No. 14)

Federal government --- Canada --- Politics and government

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Originally published in 1969. In describing the emergence of oligopoly, Professor Eichner has written a history of the American sugar refining industry, one based in part on records of the United States Department of Justice. Sugar refining was one of the first major industries to be consolidated, and its expertise was in many ways typical of the development of other industries. Eichner's focus is on the changing pattern of industrial organization. This study is based on a unique four-stage model of the process by which the industrial structure of the American economy has evolved. The first part of the book traces the early history of the sugar refining industry and argues that the classical model of a competitive industry is inherently unstable once large fixed investments are required. The more closely sugar refining approximated this model, the more unstable the model became in practice. This instability led, in 1887, to the formation of the sugar trust. The author contends that the trust was formed not to exploit economies of scale but with the intent of achieving control over prices. In the second part of the book, Eichner describes the political and legal reaction that transformed monopoly into oligopoly. This sequence of events is best understood in terms of a learning curve in which the response of businessmen over time was related to the changing institutional environment in which they were forced to operate.

Sugar --- Manufacture and refining --- Central / national / federal government policies